The only viable alternative to overhead HVAC transmission lines that would preserve the value of private property, conservation easements, national and state parks faced with the MARL/Gore-Doubs-Goose Creek and Valley Link transmission projects would be underground high-voltage direct current (HVDC).
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission lines use direct current as opposed to the alternating current which is used by the HVAC transmission lines. HVDC is used for bulk transfer of electricity across long distances and for direct point to point applications. Recently, it has begun to be used for shorter distances. HVDC voltages are in the 100kV to 800 kV range.
In comparison to HVAC, HVDC is more efficient and has 30 - 50% less line losses over long distances than HVAC. HVDC transmission lines do not require substations like HVAC transmission systems do, instead an HVDC converter substation is needed at each end of the transmission line.
In a typical overhead transmission line installation, HVDC uses a narrower right of way and smaller towers. Additionally HVDC cable can be more easily buried than HVAC and can be installed under water.
The trench for the SSO Green HVDC Link (350-mile 2,100 MW, 525KV underground high voltage direct current (HVDC) ) is 3' wide by 5' deep.
When comparing costs between HVDC and HVAC a 2022 feasibility study done by NextGen Highways found that buried HVDC is cost competitive to HVAC. The DOE notes that " converter stations required for HVDC deployment are expensive, however, with a breakeven distance of approximately 37 miles for submarine lines and 124 miles for overhead lines "
The Brattle Group's 2023 report "The Operational and Market Benefits of HVDC To System Operators": "European grid operators in particular have taken advantage of advanced VSC capabilities. Internationally, VSC-based HVDC technology has become the dominant HVDC choice over the last 5–10 years, with approximately 50 GW of VSC-based HVDC transmission projects in operation today and approximately 130 GW planned or under development through the end of the decade. North America accounts for only 3% of all VSC-based HVDC systems in operation worldwide and—almost exclusively due to efforts by merchant transmission developers—for approximately 30% of planned and proposed VSC systems."
In this report they list over 20 case studies
Articles:
Explore existing and in-progress underground HVDC transmission lines
TenneT energy has several thousand meters of underground and underwater HVDC cables in Germany and the Netherlands. This video is of the installation of two underground HVDC cables of 525kV for a capacity of 2GW , enough to power 5 million homes. This project was done in 2015.

Read the Adirondack Explorer article on the construction progress here

"The SOO Green HVDC Link is a 350-mile 2,100 MW, 525KV underground high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission line running along existing rail corridors from Iowa to Illinois. Connecting the nation’s two largest power markets – MISO in the Midwest, and PJM in the East. "
"The project will use two 5-inch diameters (about the size of a wine bottle), 525KV extruded cross-link polyethylene (XLPE) insulated cables installed in a 3-foot wide by 5-foot deep trench. SOO Green HVDC Link will construct two VSC power converter stations at either end of the 350-mile HVDC line. "
This is a privately funded project.
View video on the construction techniques being used here

In progress 2024 - "The project has received all required permits that allow it to bury two six-inch-wide cables an estimated 150 miles, all in Vermont. "
DOE New England Clean Power Project Summary
ISO New England Consumer Liaison Group Presentation



Black & Veatch did a study, for the PATH 765kV transmission line, that proved HVDC underground was a feasible solution through our area. Although it was more expensive (at that time) . An added benefit is that HVDC lines do not emit EMFs.
• The full title of that study was : Black & Veatch, "PJM Interconnection Potomac-Appalachian Transmission Highline (PATH) Project, HVDC Conceptual Study, B&V Project No.164996, B&V File 42.2004 , FINAL November 17, 2009 This was entered into the record as part of the Virginia SCC Case PUE 2009-00043 Application of PATH Allegheny Virginia Transmission Corporation
• Concept 2 was to use HVDC Underground along the Jefferson County, WV through Loudoun County segment of the Mt Storm - Doubs line
• The PATH line was to be in the same location PJM has proposed to locate MARL (500kV) and Valley Link (765kV) through Jefferson County, West VA and Loudoun County , VA and into Frederick , MD
See pages 9 - 15 in particular for the proposal that made the short list (Portfolio 1A) and the benefits of HVDC underground is on page 13 and the cost is on page 15
2022 NextGen Highways Feasibility Study for Minnesota Department Of Transportation (pdf)
Download2022 NextGen Highways Buried HVDC Is Cost Competitive (pdf)
Download2014 ABB Review: Special Report 60 years of HVDC (pdf)
Download2023 Brattle Group: The Operational and Market Benefits of HVDC to System Operators (pdf)
DownloadIS HVDC UNDERGROUND FEASIBLE FOR THE MARL / GORE-DOUBS GOOSE CREEK 500KV AND VALLEY LINK TRANSMISSION 765KV LINES?
THE SHORT ANSWER IS YES!
Black & Veatch did a study, for the PATH 765kV transmission line, that proved HVDC underground was a feasible solution through our area. Although it was more expensive (at that time) . An added benefit is that HVDC lines do not emit EMFs.
• The full title of that study was : Black & Veatch, "PJM Interconnection Potomac-Appalachian Transmission Highline (PATH) Project, HVDC Conceptual Study, B&V Project No.164996, B&V File 42.2004 , FINAL November 17, 2009 This was entered into the record as part of the Virginia SCC Case PUE 2009-00043 Application of PATH Allegheny Virginia Transmission Corporation
• Concept 2 was to use HVDC Underground along the Jefferson County, WV through Loudoun County segment of the Mt Storm - Doubs line
• The PATH line was to be in the same location PJM has proposed to locate MARL (500kV) and Valley Link (765kV) through Jefferson County, West VA and Loudoun County , VA and into Frederick , MD
• The HVDC with underground Concept 2 (~25 miles underground ) would have cost 2x the overhead HVAC 765kV option ($1, 767M vs $3,595M) The additional $1,828M amounts to an extra $73.12M per mile
• Recent studies by NextGen Highways indicate the price has come down significantly and the installation space is smaller now.
• The Aspen/Golden Underground alternative proposed by Loudoun County to put 3 miles underground would be an additional $480M over the cost of the overhead line. $160M extra per mile!
=> The HVDC underground solution proposed in 2009 costs less per mile that what the county proposed for the Aspen/Golden HVAC underground alternate route
=> Data Center impact fees and taxes can be used fund the additional cost of under grounding Loudoun County must set aside funds for this purpose . At this point many of these companies are worth hundreds of billions to trillions in market caps (Amazon reached a $2 Trillion Stock Value on June 27, 2024 ) . Their executives and boards are paid 100's of billions of dollars . There is more than enough money to cover the cost of using HVDC and under grounding these lines
=> FirstEnergy is now responsible for two massive transmission lines targeted through our communities (Valley Link and Gore-Doubs-Goose Creek). Its time to re-evaluate and look at ONE single solution - figure out how much power can be reasonable imported from est Virginia and build A SINGLE INCLUSIVE HVDC Underground solution to solve it.
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